{"id":6250,"date":"2026-09-03T05:36:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T05:36:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/altamash.edu.pk\/aidm\/?p=6250"},"modified":"2026-09-03T05:40:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T05:40:43","slug":"comparison-of-flexural-strength-and-flexural-modulus-of-conventional-and-graphene-reinforced-polymethyl-methacrylate-under-thermocycled-and-non-thermocycled-conditions-an-in-vitro-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/altamash.edu.pk\/aidm\/comparison-of-flexural-strength-and-flexural-modulus-of-conventional-and-graphene-reinforced-polymethyl-methacrylate-under-thermocycled-and-non-thermocycled-conditions-an-in-vitro-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparison of Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus of Conventional and Graphene-Reinforced Polymethyl-Methacrylate under Thermocycled and Non-Thermocycled Conditions: An in-Vitro Study"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Authors: Wajiha Zia, Naseer Ahmed, Huda Adil, Rizwan Jouhar<\/p>\n

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (Pak J Med Sci) \u2014 2026, Vol. 42, No. 9<\/p>\n

DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.42.9.13341<\/p>\n

Impact Factor: 1.893
\nIndexing: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Quartile Q2<\/p>\n

Description \/ Abstract:<\/p>\n

Background and Objectives: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is widely used as a denture base material, but its major drawback is low flexural strength. Graphene has emerged as a reinforcing nanofiller due to its superior mechanical properties, but evidence on its incorporation into PMMA and the effect of thermocycling remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of graphene reinforcement on the flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) of PMMA and to assess the impact of thermocycling on these properties.<\/p>\n

Methodology: Seventy-six PMMA samples were fabricated and divided into two groups: conventional PMMA (n = 38) and G-PMMA reinforced with 0.25 wt% graphene (n = 38). Each group was further subdivided into thermocycled and non-thermocycled subgroups (n = 19). All samples were subjected to three-point bending tests using a universal testing machine (UTM). Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05).<\/p>\n

Results: G-PMMA demonstrated higher mean FS and FM than conventional PMMA in both thermocycled and non-thermocycled groups. Across thermocycled subgroups, significant differences in flexural strength between PMMA and G-PMMA were found (p = 0.005), and for flexural modulus, PMMA vs G-PMMA, thermocycling, and their interaction showed significant effects (p = 0.013, p = 0.016, and p = 0.006, respectively). Following Tukey’s post-hoc comparison, significant statistically significant differences on FS between PMMA and G-PMMA after thermocycling (p < 0.05).<\/p>\n

Conclusion: G-PMMA demonstrated significantly improved flexural strength and modulus compared to conventional PMMA. Thermocycling had no significant effect on flexural strength but influenced flexural modulus, indicating its impact on material stiffness rather than strength.<\/p>\n

Keywords: Flexural strength, Flexural modulus, Graphene, Polymethyl methacrylate, Thermocycling, Three point bending test.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Authors: Wajiha Zia, Naseer Ahmed, Huda Adil, Rizwan Jouhar Journal: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (Pak J Med Sci) \u2014 2026, Vol. 42, No. 9 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.42.9.13341 Impact Factor: 1.893 Indexing: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Quartile Q2 Description \/ … Continue reading “Comparison of Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus of Conventional and Graphene-Reinforced Polymethyl-Methacrylate under Thermocycled and Non-Thermocycled Conditions: An in-Vitro Study”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6251,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-events","category-news"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t